Author
ÇAKMAK, Abdullah
Publication Place
University of Afyon Kocatepe -
University of Afyon Kocatepe
Subject
Ottoman Empire
Type
Book
Language
ara,eng
Digital
Yes
Manuscript
No
Library
Leitir Library
Library Asset ID
ISSN: 2757-8399, EISSN: 2757-8399, DOI: 10.52637/kiid.927925
Record ID
cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_89f7c0a51b5343a99fdd2b5a057f24aa
Library Location
DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
Notes
Hajj, one of the five obligatory acts of worship in Islam, causes Muslims from various parts of the world to travel to the Hijaz every year. During the Ottoman period, pilgrimage journeys took place by land until the second half of the 19th century. The introduction of sea routes from this period onwards did not completely end land travel. Therefore, since the land journey, which lasted for months, was quite arduous, it was very important to complete the pilgrimage organization completely. The fact that the pilgrimage caravan departing from Istanbul moved with the surre group made this journey even more important. Usually, the surre mahmili, who was taken out of the palace with ceremonies on the twelfth of the month of Rajab, would first pass to Üsküdar. After waiting here for a few days, he would set out again with the pilgrims. Pilgrims, accompanied by the Surre eminent, would set off from the Üsküdar Ayrılık Fountain and follow the direction of Eskişehir-Akşehir-Konya-Adana-Antakya-Aleppo-Hama and reach Damascus, where they would meet with Muslims from other countries. The urban danger on the Damascus-Hijaz line of the journey was a great threat to the pilgrims. Constant complaints were made to the central government about the urban bandits who stole the belongings of the pilgrims, murdered them and stole their camels and cash, making the pilgrimage difficult. These attacks of Urban naturally made the precautions to be taken for this route even more important. In this context, in order to prevent urban attacks, a share of surra was allocated to them to accompany the pilgrimage caravan. The Ottoman Empire made many arrangements in the organization of pilgrimages in the second half of the 19th century. One of these is to change the term used for direct organization. Starting from this period, the term "mevkib-i hacc-ı sheriff" began to be used for the pilgrimage convoy departing from Damascus with the surre mahmili. The departure and return movements of the pilgrimage site, especially on the Damascus-Hijaz route, were followed moment by moment by the Ottoman Empire. The news sent to the center by local administrators and pilgrimage officials about the location of the pilgrimage site also includes important information about that year's pilgrimage. There were many officials accompanying the pilgrimage of the local pilgrimage. Among these officials, the guard of the Hajj al-Sharif, the herald/herald and the muqavvim were directly affected by the regulations carried out in the second half of the 19th century. The position of pilgrimage guard is the last form of the gradual transformation of the pilgrimage emirate in the 19th century, which has a history of approximately twelve centuries. The reason for such a change in this ancient practice in the organization of pilgrimage is that the Ottoman Empire tried to reduce the costs of pilgrimage. In this context, after the establishment of the position of pilgrimage guard, the emirü'l-hajj district governorship, which was not needed, was placed under the surre trust. Likewise, the position of pilgrimage guard was merged with the pilgrimage trust in 1865. The post of pilgrimage guard, which was responsible for the security of pilgrims and the distribution of urban surrah on the Damascus-Hijaz line for nearly half a century, was abolished on the grounds that it was not needed after the completion of the Hejaz railway line in 1908. Other pilgrimage officials who were found to be affected by the regulations aimed at reducing pilgrimage expenses are heralds and muqavvim. In this direction, the duty of evangelism has turned into messenger. However, the evangelism that had long been given to the axemen and some other palace officials in the Ottoman palace was not abolished so that these people could go on pilgrimage. The prestige of the duty of mukawvim, which carries out the transportation of pilgrims, was increased with the regulations made and the guards of the pilgrimage were appointed from among the mukawvim. Another noteworthy issue among the steps taken to ensure that the pilgrimage site completed its journey safely in the second half of the 19th century is the health measures taken. As a matter of fact, the fight against the cholera epidemic in the 19th century led to the establishment of quarantine centers in the pilgrimage organization and the places of pilgrimage to be quarantined there. Hajj, which is one of the five religious duties of Islam, requires Muslims from various parts of the world to go to Hejaz every year. In the Ottoman period, the pilgrimage took place by land until the second half of the 19th century. Since this period, the use of the sea route did not comp-letely end the land voyage. It was very important to complete the hajj organization in full, as the land travel that takes months was quite grueling. The fact that the pilgrims departing from Istanbul acted together with Surra made this journey even more important. Usually, the Surra, which was taken out of the palace with ceremonies on the 12th of the month of Rajab, would first go to Uskudar. After waiting here for a few days, it would continue on its journey with the pilgrims. The pilgrims, accompanied by the one who is in charge of taking Surra to Hejaz, would reach Damascus by following the direction of Eskisehir-Aksehir-Konya-Adana-Antakya-Haleb-Hama, departing from Uskudar Ayrilik Fountain and they would meet the Muslims coming from other countries here. The bandit danger of the journey on the Damascus-Hejaz line was a great threat to the pilgrims. Constantly complaints were made to the central government that the ban-dits, who robbed the pilgrims' belongings, murdered them and stole their camels and cash, ma-de the pilgrimage difficult. These attacks of the bandits naturally made the measures to be taken for this route even more important. In this context, a portion of the Surra was given for them to accompany the pilgrimage caravan in order to prevent bandit attacks. In the second half of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire made many arrangements for hajj organization. One of these is to directly change the term used for this organization. From this period, the term “mawkib al-hajj al-sharif ” was used for the pilgrimage caravan that departed from Damascus with the Surra. The departure and return movements of the mawkib al-hajj, especially on the Damascus-Hejaz route, were followed by the Ottoman Empire moment by moment. The news sent to the center by local administrators and pilgrimage officials about the location of the pilgrimage also included important information about the pilgrimage of that year. There were many officials accom-panying to the mawkib al-hajj al-sharif. Among these officials, the guard of mawkib al-hajj, the mubashshir (bearer of good tidings) and the mukavvim were directly affected by the regulations made in the second half of the 19th century. The guard of mawkib al-hajj is the last form of the gradual transformation of the pilgrimage emirate, which has a history of nearly twelve centu-ries, in the 19th century. The reason for making such a change in this practice, which has an ancient history in the hajj organization, is the effort of the Ottoman Empire to reduce the costs of the pilgrimage. In this context, after the establishment of the guard ofmawkib al-hajj, the Amir al-Hajj district governorship, which was not needed, was attached to the Surra Emaneti. In the same way the guard of mawkib al-hajj was combined with the Kilâr al-Hajj Emaneti in 1865. The guard of mawkib al-hajj, which was responsible for the safety of the pilgrims and the distribution of the bandit surra on the Damascus-Hejaz railway line for nearly half a century, was abolished on the grounds that it was not needed after the completion of the Hejaz Railway line in 1908. Other officials, who were found to be affected by the regulations aimed to reduce the costs of pilgrimage, are mujdeci and mukavvim. In this direction, mujdeci has turned into mu-bashshir. However, the evangelism, which had been given to the halberdiers and some other palace officials in the Ottoman palace for a long time, was not abolished so that these people could continue to go to the pilgrimage. The prestige of mukavvim, which carries out the trans-portation of the pilgrims, was increased with the arrangements and the position of pilgrimage guards were appointed from the mukavvim. In the second half of the 19th century, another re-markable point for the mawkib al-hajj to complete its journey safely is the health measures. As a matter of fact, the struggle against the cholera epidemic in the 19th century led to the establish-ment of quarantine centers in the hajj organization and to quarantine the mawkib al-hajj there.
Detaylı Başlık
19. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Hac Organizasyonunun Dönüşümü Bağlamında Mevkib-i Hacc-ı Şerif
