Author
Yusuf Gokalp
Publication Place
Hits University -
Hits University
Subject
Ottoman Empire, Yemen
Type
Book
Language
ara,tur
Digital
Yes
Manuscript
No
Library
Leitir Library
Library Asset ID
EISSN: 2757-6949, DOI: 10.14395/hid.1074268
Record ID
cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_b13edd5c8c1342cc9affc38fceb51bb4
Library Location
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
Notes
It is seen that a sect-based religious-social structure has been formed among Muslims since the early periods of Islamic history, and sects have become a determining part of the Muslim identity. In this process, sects began to function as an effective factor in social life in the political, cultural and economic fields, as well as being effective in the religious field. The sects, which were initially shaped around religious problems, entered different social dimensions over time, making the sects controversial. 3/9. Since the 19th century, sects have often turned into a political movement and sought statehood, rather than being an individual or social choice in terms of understanding and living religion. The subject of this article is to determine the place of Zaydiyya as a sect in shaping Ottoman-Yemen relations and to evaluate its impact on relations as a political actor. The subject will be limited to Mehmed Memduh's work called Miftah-ı Yemen. The reason for limiting the subject in this way is that Mehmed Memduh looks at the issue from political, sociological and economic perspectives in his work and his mastery of the historical and religious background of the subject. It is understood from his works that he had detailed knowledge about Yemen geography, Islamic history, Shia and Zaydis. When we look at his two existing works about Yemen, it can be seen that Memduh, who provides information about the geography of Yemen, the religious situation of the pre-Islamic region and the Islamization process, draws attention to the religious and social structure of the region, and especially focuses on the sectarian factor, as well as geographical and economic reasons. Zaydiyya has constantly claimed and strived for power in this region. As a requirement of the Zaydiyya imamate belief, which emerged as a political movement to seize power in 122/740, Yahya b. It has continued its existence within its own state structure since Hussein's departure to Yemen until today. Just as before the Ottoman Empire, after the Ottoman Empire took over Yemen, the Zaydis declared their sovereignty at every opportunity they found. Despite all the efforts of the Ottoman Empire, it does not seem possible to say that North Yemen, in particular, came under Ottoman rule. It is seen that the sectarian element has an important place among the factors that determine the process in Ottoman-Yemen relations. The aim of this study is to clarify the position of Zaydiyya as a sect in Ottoman-Yemen relations. This study aims to contribute to understanding whether sects are a political element in international relations and social life or how they play a political role. Most of the studies carried out so far in the field of Islamic sects are on the determination of the historical background and teachings of the sects. Globalization process, current situation of the Islamic world, etc. Considering the reasons, we think that it is appropriate and necessary to focus on the political, cultural and folkloric dimensions of sects today. The final result to be achieved in such studies is to create a theoretical framework of the place of sects as political actors in social life and international relations, with the support of data obtained from other studies. Studies on Ottoman-Yemen relations show that the issue is discussed mostly in terms of economics and political science. On the other hand, it is seen that the studies on Zaydiyya are about the emergence of the sect, its history, views and place within the Shia. In terms of our subject, it does not seem possible to say that there is sufficient work on both Zaydiyya and other sects. We believe that sects should be considered as a political, sociological and historical phenomenon, as well as a religious differentiation. Our claim here is that sects, in addition to their religious positions, also take part as political actors in international or social relations. In this study, the subject will be tried to be addressed with a descriptive method, away from an exclusionary approach. This study we conducted on Miftah-ı Yemen shows us that three factors were fundamentally effective in shaping Ottoman-Yemeni relations. The first is geographical reasons. The North Yemen region, where the Zaydis lived, became a refuge for the Zaydis, although it posed difficulties for the Ottomans. The second is the inaccurate policies of the Ottoman state and the bad practices of the civil servants working in the region. The third is the sect factor. In line with our prediction, Zaydiyya, a politically qualified sect, did not tend to come under the rule of the Ottoman Empire in order not to lose the opportunity to become the power in the region, as required by its understanding of religion. It can be said that Zaydiyya's attitude was decisive in shaping the political relations between the Ottomans and Yemen.
Detaylı Başlık
Osmanlı-Yemen İlişkilerinde Siyasi Bir Aktör Olarak Zeydiyye -Mehmed Memduh ve Miftah-ı Yemen Üzerinden Bir Okuma
