Author
GÖÇEMEN, Yakup
Publication Place
University of Afyon Kocatepe -
University of Afyon Kocatepe
Subject
Eulogy, Poetry, Sudan
Type
kitap
Language
ara,eng
Digital
Yes
Manuscript
No
Library
Leitir Library
Library Asset ID
ISSN: 2757-8399, EISSN: 2757-8399, DOI: 10.52637/kiid.1140165
Record ID
cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_443e854ba2734bc9bd9a07dad76d7173
Library Location
DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
Notes
This study deals with the examination of Sudanese Arab poetry, which is one of the most important elements of this culture in Sudan, which managed to create an Afro-Arab culture specific to this geography by synthesizing Africanism and Arabism during the Turkish domination period, which covered the period between 1821 and 1885, according to the general definition in the literature. In order to ground the subject and provide a holistic perspective on the issue, the study talks about the development stages of Arabic poetry, starting from the early period before the Func period, known as the initial phase of Sudanese poetry. In order to reveal the situation of Arabic poetry in Sudan during this period, information in the sources of Arabic literary history was used. Efforts have been made to identify the important poetry types of the period by subjecting both literary historical sources and poems in the poets' divans to theme analysis, which are attributed to the famous poets of the period in question. Examinations of the contents of the identified poems enabled the determination of the topics that the poets focused on intensively. In this context, it has been determined that praise and elegy poems are the two types of poetry that poets gave the most examples of during the Turkish domination period. It has been seen that the connection between the works of Sudanese poets in the period in the focus of the study and the poems of the poets of the Ignorance, Umayyad and Abbasid periods is strong. In the previous periods of Sudanese poetry, the poems sung in Ammi, the popular language, were composed in Fasih Arabic, which started a movement called Fasih Classical Poetry Movement. During the Turkish rule, Sudanese poets received religious education, especially in regions such as Egypt and Hejaz, and had a conservative personality under the influence of religious-sufistic movements, which led to an intensification of religious meanings in the poems they sang. These poems were not content to contain only religious meanings, but unlike Sufi poetry, which prioritized the rhythm, sound and melodic aspects of the works, they focused on issues that would increase the quality of the poem, such as solid structure, impressive style, beautiful meaning and error-free language. Many poets grew up in Sudan during the period of Turkish domination. Most of these poets have the qualifications of religious scholars as well as being poets. Sheikh el-Emîn ed-Darîr, co-Sheikh İbrâhîm Abduddâfi', Ahmed el-Ezherî, Hüseyin ez-Zehra, Muhammed Osman el-Mîrğanî, el-Medâvî Abdurrahmân, Muhammed Ahmed Hâşim, Ömer el-Ezherî, Muhammed Ömer el-Bennâ, Poets such as Abdulğanî es-Sillavî, Yahyâ es-Sillavî and Muhammed Tahir el-Meczûb are among the important names of Arabic poetry of the period. Although many poets emerged during this period, the amount of poetry that has survived to the present day is very limited. Although these poems largely consist of eulogies and elegies, honor and heroism poems also offer us outstanding examples, although not as many as these two types. When considered in terms of its meaning, eulogies generally include; Hz. It is understood that it was allocated to the Prophet (pbuh), state administrators and Sufi clergy. It is seen that elegies, on the other hand, translate the feelings of the public in expressing the sadness felt over the deaths of the figures who led the Sudanese society in political, military, religious and mystical fields. The fact that Fahr and Hamaset poems avoid discussing the Turkish administration in Sudan, either positively or negatively, stands out as a striking issue. Unlike the eulogies and elegies that talk about the Turks, it is seen that the poems of honor and heroism go beyond the geographical borders of Sudan and display a supportive character for Arab nationalism-based movements such as the ʻUrābī rebellion in Egypt. It is understood that Muhammad Ahmed al-Mahdi, who fought against the Turkish-Egyptian government in Sudan, claimed to be Mahdi, and served as the religious and political leader of the movement he founded under his own name, was an important character that was the subject of all types of poetry seen in the period. The characteristic features of the poetry of the period are that the poems end with prayers, mercy, intercession and forgiveness, as well as ending the date with abjad letters, attaching importance to quotations from the Qur'an, containing various poetic arts, and using the Arabic language together with Arabic. This study is based on the examination of Sudanese Arabic poetry, which is one of the most important elements of the Afro-Arabic culture successfully formed in Sudan in a manner that is unique to this geography by synthesizing Africanness and Arabicness during the Turkish rule encompassing the time period between the years 1821 and 1885 according to the general definition in the literature. With the aim of grounding the subject and providing a holistic perspective to the matter, this study discusses the developmental phases of Arabic poetry starting from the early period prior to the Funj era, which is known as the starting phase of Sudanese poetry. In order to reveal the state of Arabic poetry in Sudan during this period, information obtained from Arabic literary history sources was used. It was aimed to determine the important genres of poetry in the corresponding period by subjecting the literary history sources attributed to the well-known poets of the era as well as the poems included in the collections of these poets to a theme analysis. The examinations made on the content of detected poems allowed for the determination of the subjects that were intensively used by the poets. In this context, it was determined that eulogy and elegy were the two genres of poetry that the poets in the period of Turkish rule exemplified the most. It was observed that the connection between the poems produced by Sudanese poets during the period in the focus of the study and those of the poets of the Jahiliyyah, Umayyad and Abbasid periods was reinforced. The versing of poems that had previously been recited in ammiya, which was the public language in the former periods of Sudanese poetry, in Modern Arabic initiated a movement called the Modern Classical Poetry Movement. The fact that Sudanese poets during the period of Turkish rule received religious education particularly in regions such as Egypt and Hejaz and possessed a conservative personality with the influence of religious-sufi movements caused religious meanings to be intensified in the poems they recited. These poems not only included religious meanings, but also focused on matters increasing the quality of poetry such as a solid structure, striking tone, pleasant meaning and faultless language, in contrast with Sufi poetry, which emphasizes rhythm, harmony and melodic aspects of works. The period of Turkish rule in Sudan produced many poems. Most of these poets functioned as religious scholars in addition to their literary persona. Poets such as Sheikh al-Amin ed-Darîr, Sheikh Ibrahim Abdul Dafi, Ahmad al-Azhari, Husayn al-Zahra, Mohammad Uthman al-Mirghani, al-Madawi Abdul Rahmân, Mohammad Ahmad Hashem, Omar al-Azhari, Mohammad Omar al-Banna, Abdul Ghani al-Sillawi, Yahia al-Sillawi and Mohammad Taher al-Majdhub are among the important figures of the Arabic poetry of the time. Although many poems emerged during this period, the number of poems that reached today is very limited. These poems mostly consist of those in the genres of eulogy and elegy while poems in the genres of self-praise and heroism (although not as many as the aforementioned genres) present select examples, as well. In terms of their meaning, it is understood that eulogy poem generally refer to the Holy Prophet (PBUH), state administrators and religious scholars specializing in Sufism. It is observed that elegy poems, on the other hand, reflect the emotions of the public in the expression of the sorrow felt by the passing of figures that led the Sudanese society in political, military and religious-sufistic fields. The fact that self-praise and heroism poems refrained from mentioning the Turkish administration in Sudan in a positive or negative light stands out as a striking point. In contrast with the eulogy and elegy poems that mention the Turks, it is observed that self-praise and heroism poems exceeded the geographical boundaries of Sudan and exhibited a characteristic in support of the movements based on Arabic nationalism, such as the ʻUrabi revolt in Egypt. It is understood that Mohammad Ahmad al-Mahdi, who fought against the Turkish-Egyptian government in Sudan, claimed to be the Mahdi and served as a religious and political leader in the movement he established under his own name, is an important character who was subject to all types of poetry found in the period. The fact that the poems ended by providing the date with abjad letters, placed emphasis on citing the verses of the Qur'an, included various unique arts and used Modern Arabic in conjunction with ammiya in addition to their petition for forgiveness, prayer, mercy and intercession are among the characteristic features of the poetry of the period.
Detaylı Başlık
1821-1885 Yıllarını Kapsayan Türk Hâkimiyeti Döneminde Sudan’da Arap Şiiri
