Author
Sahira Hussein Mahmoud
Publication Place
Hilla, Iraq -
University of Babylon, Babylon Center for Cultural and Historical Studies
Type
Book
Language
ara,eng
Digital
Yes
Manuscript
No
Library
Royal Danish Library
Library Asset ID
ISSN: 2227-2895, EISSN: 2313-0059
Record ID
cdi_emarefa_primary_1621420
Library Location
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
Notes
Since the late seventeenth century AD, the Ottomans, especially the men of modernization and reform, have become aware of the necessity of reforms in the structure of the Ottoman state. Their defeats in Vienna in 1683 AD, and the conclusion of the Kucuk-Kinarcı Peace with Tsarist Russia in 1774 AD, proved that they needed military reform to restore their previous position, and it became necessary for them to borrow from the West for their superiority in military terms. Since the Ottoman Empire was military since its formation, it was necessary to carry out reforms in the military aspect, and then turn to the administrative, financial, judicial and educational aspects. Given the importance of this topic, the reason for choosing it as the title of our humble research. And an attempt to study the research problem by clarifying the role of the Ottoman sultans and their desire for modernization and reform, who realized that the Ottoman Empire was no longer the dominant state in Europe and the Arab Levant, especially since signs of weakness and decline began to appear in the body of the Ottoman Empire since the late seventeenth century AD, represented by the corruption of its administration, its poor economic system, and its military defeats. Many researchers in academic scientific studies have addressed this topic, from multiple points of view, and we have sought to read, analyze, and interpret all of these studies in a scientific and historical manner. Let us come up with a comprehensive and comprehensive study on the nature of the reform and modernization movement in the Ottoman Empire. The research was divided into an introduction, two axes, and a conclusion. The first axis reviewed the first attempts of the reform movement, from the late seventeenth century AD, until the announcement of the constitution in 1876 AD. The second axis studied the organizations and modernizations in the Ottoman Empire between the years (1876-1918 AD). The research study reached some preliminary results, including: These reforms were carried out to satisfy European countries, in times of need, and these reforms did not indicate a liberal policy drawn up by the Sultans of the Othman family, who abandoned these reforms when the circumstances that led to them disappeared. Since the late seventeenth century AD, the Ottomans, especially the men of modernization and reform, have been alerted to the need to introduce modernization into the structure of the Ottoman Empire. Their defeats at Vienna in 1683, the peace of Koçek Kinarje with Tsarist Russia in 1774, proved that they needed military reform to regain their former status. They had to quote from the West for their military superiority. Since the Ottoman Empire has been military since its formation, therefore, it was necessary to introduce reform and modernization in the military aspect, and then turn to the administrative, financial, judicial and educational aspects. Due to the importance of this matter comes the reason for choosing this the title for this research. And the attempt to study the problem of the research by clarifying the role of Ottoman leaders and their desire for modernization and reform, who realized that the Ottoman Empire is no longer the dominant in Europe, and the Levant, especially since the cracks of weakness and decay have been gnawing in the body of the Ottoman Empire since the late seventeenth century AD, represented by the corruption of its administration, poor economic and military defeats. Many researchers in academic scientific studies have approached this subject, from various perspectives, I avoid to read, analyze and explain scientifically and historically all these studies, in order to come up with a familiar and comprehensive study on the nature of the reform and modernization movement in the Ottoman Empire. The research is divided into an introduction, two axes and a conclusion. The first axis reviews the first attempts of the reform movement, from the late seventeenth century AD, until the proclamation of the Constitution in 1876 AD. The second pivotal studies the regulations and modernizations in the Ottoman Empire between 1876 and 1918. The research study reached some preliminary results, including: that these reforms were carried out to satisfy European countries, in times of need, and were not to indicate a libertarian policy drawn by the sultans of Al Othman, who abandoned these reforms with the disappearance of the conditions that led to them.
Görüntüle
Majallat Markaz Bābil lil-dirāsāt al-insānīyah, 2023, Vol.13 (2), p.1093-1112
