Author
GÜLER, Mustafa, KIZILDAĞ, Necla
Publication Place
University of Afyon Kocatepe -
University of Afyon Kocatepe
Subject
Ottoman Empire
Type
kitap
Language
ara,eng
Digital
Yes
Manuscript
No
Library
Leitir Library
Library Asset ID
ISSN: 2757-8399, EISSN: 2757-8399, DOI: 10.52637/kiid.1308537
Record ID
cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_865965657faa43a8a52804a707b97d5e
Library Location
DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
Notes
While the financial system in the Ottoman Empire was shaped within the framework of Islamic law, it remained at a local level, especially in the classical period, and after the proclamation of the Tanzimat Edict, it became centralized and entered the process of institutionalization. The main examples we will give of financial instruments in the classical period are central funds, avariz foundations and cash foundations. Established in the first quarter of the 15th century, cash foundations, which enable a person to donate his movable property and use it for charitable purposes, are one of the regional financial instruments. While the cash needs of the people of the region are met through cash foundations, economic mobilization is also aimed. The continuation of the financial resources in question are eytam funds. Eytam funds, which were created with the properties of orphan children in the society, served as a bank and lent money to people in need of cash, as a continuation of the tradition of cash foundations. The exact date of structuring of Eytam funds is not known. In addition, it was established to protect the socio-economic rights of children who lost their families in the Ottoman Empire. Eytam funds were structures that used the assets inherited from the parents of orphaned children as funds. The funds, which were intended to both manage orphans' money and provide regional financial resources and credit opportunities, were subjected to the tricks of malicious employees and guardians over time, and after 1850, they wanted to be controlled from the center. For this purpose, Eytam Ministry was established in 1851 to inspect the ballot boxes. The capital of Eytam funds is all kinds of money, jewellery, foundation income, house, vineyard, garden, field, farm etc. that the deceased parents left to their children. Made up of mites. Cash and jewelery were transferred to the funds, and people who requested cash at certain rates were lent money in return for the collateral they would provide. Even though the chests kept in the covered bazaars were requested to be transferred to the Eytam Ministry building, the old tradition was continued and they were preserved in the covered bazaars. First of all, many people, including tradesmen, merchants and jewelers, have requested cash from the funds to meet their needs. The ballot boxes, which were scattered and operated without rules before 1851, have operated with certain rules and restrictions since that date. According to the rules of the 1851 Eytam Regulation, the funds, which gave loans to everyone, no longer lent to their employees and the guardians of orphans. Although this restriction continued until 1906, they still lent money after this date, subject to certain rules and restrictions. After the orphan child proves that he has reached the age of majority, the money accumulated in the ballot box is handed over to the child in the presence of the judge and his account is closed. Today, we can obtain information about how many ballot boxes there are in each region and how they work, from the account books where the debts are recorded. This study on the financial use of orphans' assets, which was created by examining the accounting records of the eytam funds in the Üsküdar sharia registry, provides information about the formation and functioning of the eytam funds. When the debt records of Üsküdar eytam funds for the years 1850-1856 were examined, it was determined that the funds acted in accordance with the rules and procedures of the foundation deeds in cash foundations, not the rules of the regulations. In our opinion, Üsküdar eytam funds, which can be considered as a financial instrument, were late in complying with the rules of the regulation and could not abandon the rules of cash foundations. People who requested and borrowed money from the funds acted independently of the rules of the 1851 Eytam Regulation and the Eytam Funds Regulation on matters such as maturity periods and interest rates. This study, in which the issues in question are conveyed with concrete examples and statistical data, aims to show the treatments carried out in the funds of Üsküdar orphans. In our opinion, especially in the first years of the establishment of the Eytam Ministry, there were eytam funds that continued the cash foundations in different regions. This issue is the subject of an independent study. Over time, eytam funds operating in the provinces were able to go beyond the rules of the regulations. While the financial system in the Ottoman Empire was shaped within the framework of Islamic law, it remained at the local level, especially in the classical period, and after the declaration of the Edict of Gülhane, it became centralized and entered the process of institutionalization. Examples of financial instruments in the classical period include middle funds (are safe-deposit boxes in Ottoman Empire), avariz foundations (special Ottoman foundation for helping one another) and money foundations. Money foundations, which were established in the first quarter of the 15th century, were one of the regional financial instruments that donate a person's movable property and enable it to be used for charitable purposes. The continuation of the aforementioned financial resources is the orphan chests (eytam funds). Orphan chests created with the property of orphaned children in the society, as a continuation of the tradition of cash foundations, lent money to people in need of cash by functioning as a bank. The exact date of the establishment of the orphan chests is not known. However, they were established in the Ottoman Empire to protect the socio-economic rights of children who had lost their families. Orphan chests were structures that received and managed the property of orphaned children inherited from their parents as funds. The chests, which aimed both to manage orphans' money and to provide loans with regional financial resources, were tried to be controlled from the center after 1850, when they were exposed to the frauds of malicious employees and guardians over time. For this purpose, the Orphans Ministry was established in 1851 to supervise the funds. The capital of orphan chests consisted of all kinds of money jewelry, foundation income, houses, vineyards, gardens, fields, farms, etc. left by the deceased parents to their children,. Cash and jewelery were transferred to the chests and money was lent to people who demanded cash with certain interest rates in exchange for collateral. Although it was requested to transfer the chests kept in the covered bazaars to the Orphans Ministry building, the old tradition was continued and preserved in the covered bazaars. First of all, many people, including traders, merchants and jewelers, demanded cash from the orphanage funds within the framework of their needs. Before 1851, The funds/ballot boxes were disorganized and operated without any rules, but since then they have operated with certain rules and limitations. According to the rule of the 1851 Orphans Regulations in Ottoman Empire the funds that give loans to everyone have no longer given loans to their employees and guardians of orphans. Although this restriction continued until 1906, after this date, they still lent money with certain rules and limitations. After the orphan child reached the age of majority, the money accumulated in the ballot box was handed over to the child in the presence of the judge and the account was closed. Today, we are able to obtain information on how many ballot boxes there were in which region and how they functioned from the account books in which the loans are written. This study on the financial utilization of orphans' property, which is based on an analysis of the accounting records of the orphans chests in the Üsküdar court records (şer'iyye registers), provides information on the formation and functioning of the orphans chests. An analysis of the debt records of the Üsküdar orphans chests funds for the years 1850-1856 reveals that the funds acted in accordance with the rules and procedures of the endowments in the money foundations rather than the rules of regulations. Üsküdar orphans chests, which can be considered as a financial instrument, in our opinion, were late in adapting to the rules of regulation and could not abandon the rules of the money foundations. The people who demanded and borrowed money from the funds acted independently of the rules of the 1851 Orphans Regulations in Ottoman Empire and the Orphans Chests Regulations in Ottoman Empire in terms of maturity periods and interest rates. This study, in which the aforementioned issues are presented with concrete examples and statistical data, aims to show the transactions carried out in the funds of Üsküdar orphans. In our opinion, especially in the first years of the establishment of the Ministry of Orphans, there were also orphans chests in different regions that continued the money foundations. This is the subject of a separate study. As time passed, the provincial funds operating in the provinces were able to deviate from the rules of regulation.
Detaylı Başlık
Üsküdar Şer’iyye Sicillerine Göre Eytam Mallarının Finansal Kullanımı (1850-1856)
