Author
Ghanayem, Zuhair Ghanayem Abdul Latif, Governorate, Muhammad Abdul Karim Ali
Type
Book
Language
Arabic
Digital
Yes
Manuscript
No
Library
Royal Danish Library
Library Asset ID
ISSN: 1996-9546
Record ID
cdi_almandumah_primary_386625
Library Location
EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete
Notes
The research deals with fees and taxes (ushr, tax, and fees) on agricultural lands in Palestine during the Ottoman era between the years (921-1246 AH/1516-1831 AD). The Ottomans imposed the ushr on grains, tax on fruit trees, and fees on cotton and fruit crops grown for the purpose of trade and profit, and manufactured agricultural crop products, such as: molasses and honey. The Ottomans followed two systems in determining the amount of these fees and taxes: the lump sum system, where the farmers pay a certain amount annually regardless of the increase or decrease in production, and the division system, where the farmers pay a certain percentage of the crop, which may be a quarter, a third, or a half, depending on the fertility of the land, the method of irrigation, and its proximity to or distance from the markets. The right to collect these fees and taxes and dispose of them during this period was granted to three categories: The first: the Sibahiyya of the timars and leaders, in exchange for these undertaking military service when the state asks them to do so. The second is the secretaries of the Khas al-Hamayouni, where what they collect from it goes to the state treasury, and the third: the overseers of the Al-Aqsa and the Ibrahimi Mosques, where what they collect goes to spend on the interests of the Two Mosques. However, since the Timar system began to gradually collapse in the middle of the seventeenth century AD, the state began converting the land into provinces, and granted the right to collect fees and taxes therein to the muztazams, most of whom were governors who became richer because of the money they collected in excess of the prescribed percentage. This contributed to the poor conditions of the peasants due to the increase in the amount of money they were paying, which led them to leave work in agriculture, and this in turn contributed to the decline in agricultural production and the deterioration of agriculture, at a time when the position of the Sipahiya weakened and the role of the muztazams became prominent. Their economic wealth and social influence increased.
Görüntüle
Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology, 2009, Vol.3 (3), p.75-100
