Author
Abdel Razzaq, Shaheen Siham
Type
Book
Language
Arabic
Digital
Yes
Manuscript
No
Library
Royal Danish Library
Library Asset ID
ISSN: 0552-265X
Record ID
cdi_almandumah_primary_970399
Library Location
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
Notes
The borders of the Ottoman Empire extended for several centuries over a wide area, across the continents of the ancient world, and various races, diverse peoples, and multiple religions lived in it. The Ottoman Empire was one of the forces that influenced the course of international politics at that time, and despite repeated attempts by some sultans to restore power and prestige to the body of the sprawling empire, it achieved nothing but little progress. The first reform calls were inspired by the spirit of Islam and its principles in remedying the imbalance, and the reformers called for the necessity of applying Islamic law within various institutions, to return to its former prosperous era. On that basis, the pioneering attempts were based on Islam and its basic principles at a stage in which the Ottoman Empire did not expand in borrowing from the European style, as European superiority was not enough to impress the Ottomans and push them to borrow from it, and the Ottomans considered themselves a major state during the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century. During that stage, many leaders of the reform movement in the Ottoman Empire tried to carry out self-reliant reforms, not by borrowing from the West, including Sheikh al-Islam Saad al-Din Efendi, Osman II, Murad IV, and others. The nature of the research required dividing it into an introduction, six axes, and a conclusion. The first axis dealt with the beginning of the Ottoman decline since 1683, the signs of weakness to which the Ottoman Empire was exposed, as well as the emergence of European supremacy during that era, and the emergence of a number of early Ottoman reformers and their role in the beginnings of the reform process. The second axis was devoted to examining the ways that Selim III sought to reform, which led to his eventual execution. The third axis was devoted to studying the reign of Sultan Mahmud II at an important stage in the nineteenth century, with the emergence of a number of prominent figures in Egypt and Iraq, as well as some European changes. The fourth axis dealt with the Ottoman organizations, the efforts of a number of Ottomans and their influence on Western culture, which led to the issuance of a number of important decrees (firmans), including the Sharif Kolkhana line in 1839 and Humayun’s decree in 1856, and a number of laws, including the Land Law issued on April 21, 1858 and the Tabu Law issued on January 14, 1859, as well as the States Law in 1864 and its role in stabilizing the foundations. New Reformatory. As for the fifth axis: It dealt with a brief presentation of the results of the Ottoman Tanzimat movement, and its impact on the Arab states, especially the state of Baghdad. The sixth (last) axis was devoted to dealing with the features of Midhat Pasha’s reform experience in Iraq, and his most important administrative works in the state of Baghdad, as well as giving a brief presentation of the subsequent changes in the era of Midhat Pasha until the beginning of the twentieth century. In the conclusion, we tried to present the most important conclusions reached through the research axes. The research required referring to many relevant sources, which included a number of university research and dissertations, as well as the use of the international information network (the Internet). These sources can be identified through the footnotes of the research or the list of sources.
Görüntüle
al-Ustādh, 2018 (226), p.115-140
