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Shahnama

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Sayfa Sayısı 49
Fiziksel Boyutlar 373 ff. Codex. Complete.
Kütüphane: Cambridge Dijital Kütüphanesi
Kayıt Numarası MS-EVANSTONCDML-ORIENTAL-MSS-00021
Lokasyon Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library — Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library Oriental mss. 21
Tarih Gregorian: 1833/Hcy/---/--. Hijri: 1249/---/--.-1833-1833
Notlar This manuscripts is combined of two texts-- the Shahnama (fol. 6v-309r, 22 illustrations), and the Samnama (fol. 310v-371v, 17 illustrations). The Shahnama starts with the reign of Luhrasp and continues until the end of the epic. The manuscript has been preserved in complete order and with the original binding. The colophon on fol. 178r states that this is the end of the third daftar. This means that the manuscript is the second volume of a larger commission, which presumably included the first part of the epic in a separate volume.All the catch-words in the Shahnama fit. The Samnama, however, lacks catch-words on fols. 310v-317v. Nevertheless, it seems to be complete. Each of the two texts ends with a dated colophon. All the illustrations in the manuscript were produced in the same style, which is easily identified with 19th-century Kashmiri painting. The manuscript includes two dated colophons.6v Illuminated unvan- SN- Reign of Luhrasp178r End of third daftar.179v Illuminated unvan- SN- Reign of Kisra Anushirvan309r Colophon at the end of the SN, 1249 AH/1833-4 CE310v Illuminated unvan- Samnama371v Colophon at the end of the Samnama 23 Sha'ban 1251 AH/ 14 December 1835 ADFolio 150v was on display at the exhibition: "Collecting Paradise: Buddhist Art of Kashmir and Its Legacies", curated by Prof. Rob Linrothe. The Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, January-April 2015.Researched by Bilha Moor.
Süsleme DoublureFolio number: unlabelled-folio-1Location in text:Mohl -1b, Bindings, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.BindingFolio number: unlabelled-folio-2Location in text:Mohl -1b, Bindings, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Illuminated unvanFolio number: 006vNotes: The manuscript starts with the reign of Luhrasp.Location in text:Mohl -1a, Illuminations, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Isfandiyar lassoes the Turanian hero GurgsarFolio number: 034rNotes: First line does not appear in Mohl's edition.Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: None, break line before: 1467, break line after: 1468.0, last line: 1471.Isfandiyar's second labour: he fights the lionsFolio number: 037rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1653, break line before: 1656, break line after: 1657.0, last line: 1664.Isfandiyar's third labour: he fights the dragonFolio number: 038rNotes: The second part of the verse of the break-line after differs from Mohl's edition.Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1700, break line before: 1703, break line after: 1704.0, last line: 1711.Isfandiyar's fourth labour: he kills the sorceressFolio number: 039rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1753, break line before: 1764, break line after: 1765.0, last line: 1766.Isfandiyar's fifth labour: he kills the SimurghFolio number: 040rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1802, break line before: 1809, break line after: 1810.0, last line: 1814.Isfandiyar's sixth labour: he escapes from a snow stormFolio number: 041vLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1890, break line before: 1901, break line after: 1902.0, last line: 1907.Isfandiyar's seventh labour: Gurgsar leads him across the lake to Ruyin Dizh (the Brazen Hold)Folio number: 042rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1908, break line before: 1925, break line after: 1926.0, last line: 1927.Isfandiyar kills Gurgsar during the seventh labourFolio number: 043rNotes: The iconography clearly matches 'Isfandiyar's first labour: he fights the wolves' rather than 'Isfandiyar kills Gurgsar'. Since the manuscript has been preserved in complete order, this could mean that: a. the painter was confused by the resemblance of the word 'wolf' and 'Gurgsar' in Persian, whose first three letters are similar. b. The scene 'Isfandiyar fights the wolves' was intended to form part of the cycle of illustrations, but a blank space for the painting was not left near the matching verses. (BM) Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1966, break line before: 1969, break line after: 1970.0, last line: 1979.Isfandiyar kills Arjasp to rescue his sistersFolio number: 046rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 2193, break line before: 2196, break line after: 2197.0, last line: 2198.Rustam shoots Isfandiyar in the eyes with a double-pointed arrowFolio number: 063vLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 3784, break line before: 3785, break line after: 3786.0, last line: 3787.Rustam kills Shaghad before dyingFolio number: 069vLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 4259, break line before: 4270, break line after: 4271.0, last line: 4271.Iskandar attends the dying DaraFolio number: 082rLocation in text:Mohl 19, Dara son of Darab (14 years), first line: 333, break line before: 334, break line after: 335.0, last line: 336.Battle between the armies of Iskandar and the FurFolio number: 089vNotes: Change in the second part of the verse of the Break-line before compared to Mohl's edition.Location in text:Mohl 20, Iskandar (14 years), first line: 593, break line before: 598, break line after: 599.0, last line: 600.Iskandar encounters IsrafilFolio number: 099vNotes: Change in the first part of the verse of the break-line before compared to Mohl's edition.Location in text:Mohl 20, Iskandar (14 years), first line: 1424, break line before: 1427, break line after: 1428.0, last line: 1430.Bahram Gur and Mahyar listen to Arzu's harp playingFolio number: 150vNotes: The verse of the Break-line before does not appear in Mohl's edition. This folio was on display at the exhibition: "Collecting Paradise: Buddhist Art of Kashmir and Its Legacies", curated by Prof. Rob Linrothe. The Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, January-April 2015.Location in text:Mohl 35, Bahram Gur (1) (63 years), first line: 1011, break line before: None, break line after: 1014.0, last line: 1015.colophonFolio number: 178rNotes: End of third dafter.Location in text:Mohl -1, Preliminary materials, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Illuminated unvanFolio number: 179rNotes: The reign of Kisra Anushirvan. Start fo daftar four.Location in text:Mohl -1a, Illuminations, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Anushirvan receives the Khaqan's daughterFolio number: 204vLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 2309, break line before: 2312, break line after: 2313.0, last line: 2316.The creation of the game chess on behalf of the mother of TalhandFolio number: 211rLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 3417, break line before: 3424, break line after: 3425.0, last line: 3426.Bahram Chubina kills the fleeing Sava ShahFolio number: 234rNotes: Change in the rhyme of the verse of the Break-line after compared to Mohl's edition.Location in text:Mohl 42, Hurmuzd (14 years), first line: 907, break line before: 911, break line after: 912.0, last line: 913.Bahram Chubina kills the monkey-lionFolio number: 270vLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 2456, break line before: 2457, break line after: 2458.0, last line: 2460.Khusrau Parviz writes to Caesar and receives a replyFolio number: 280rLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 3329, break line before: 3342, break line after: 3343.0, last line: 3344.Shirin commits suicide by the coffin of Khusrau ParvizFolio number: 296vLocation in text:Mohl 44, Qubad son of Parviz (7 months), first line: 585, break line before: 593, break line after: 594.0, last line: 595.Sa'd-i Vaqqas kills RustamFolio number: 302vLocation in text:Mohl 50, Yazdagird (16 years), first line: 263, break line before: 264, break line after: 265.0, last line: 266.colophonFolio number: 309rNotes: End of the Shahnama: colophon date 1249/1833.Location in text:Mohl -1, Preliminary materials, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Illuminated title page (verso side)Folio number: 310vNotes: Start of the Samnama.Location in text:Mohl -1a, Illuminations, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 316rLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 317rLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 318vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 325vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 329vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 333rLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 336vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 338vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 343vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 348rLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 353vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 357vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 362vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 363vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 365vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 367vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 371rLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.colophonFolio number: 371vNotes: Colophon of the Samnama: 23 Sha'ban 1251 AH/ 14 December 1835 CE Location in text:Mohl -1, Preliminary materials, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Sample pageFolio number: 089rColophonFolio number: 309r
Mizanpaj 4 columns. 23 rows. Leaf height: 360 mm, width: 215 mm. Written height: 266 mm, width: 143 mm.
Menşei Yeri Kashmir
Yazı Tipi Nast'aliq.
Yüzyıl 1 1800s C.E.
Oluşturma Tarihi (Bağlantı Türü) keyword search
Oluşturma Türü creation
Yıl (Bitiş) 1833
Yıl (Başlangıç) 1833
Görüntü Hakları (Görüntüleme) Zooming image © Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library.
Görüntü Hakları (İndirme) Images made available for download are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Dil Kodu 1 per
Dil 1 Persian
Metadata Hakları This metadata is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License.
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Filigran Beyanı © Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library (CC BY-NC 4.0)
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Shahnama

Yazar Firdausi
Tür Belge
Dil Farsça
Dijital Evet
Yazma Evet
Sayfa Sayısı 49
Fiziksel Boyutlar 373 ff. Codex. Complete.
Kütüphane Cambridge Dijital Kütüphanesi
Kayıt Numarası MS-EVANSTONCDML-ORIENTAL-MSS-00021
Lokasyon Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library — Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library Oriental mss. 21
Tarih Gregorian: 1833/Hcy/---/--. Hijri: 1249/---/--.-1833-1833
Notlar This manuscripts is combined of two texts-- the Shahnama (fol. 6v-309r, 22 illustrations), and the Samnama (fol. 310v-371v, 17 illustrations). The Shahnama starts with the reign of Luhrasp and continues until the end of the epic. The manuscript has been preserved in complete order and with the original binding. The colophon on fol. 178r states that this is the end of the third daftar. This means that the manuscript is the second volume of a larger commission, which presumably included the first part of the epic in a separate volume.All the catch-words in the Shahnama fit. The Samnama, however, lacks catch-words on fols. 310v-317v. Nevertheless, it seems to be complete. Each of the two texts ends with a dated colophon. All the illustrations in the manuscript were produced in the same style, which is easily identified with 19th-century Kashmiri painting. The manuscript includes two dated colophons.6v Illuminated unvan- SN- Reign of Luhrasp178r End of third daftar.179v Illuminated unvan- SN- Reign of Kisra Anushirvan309r Colophon at the end of the SN, 1249 AH/1833-4 CE310v Illuminated unvan- Samnama371v Colophon at the end of the Samnama 23 Sha'ban 1251 AH/ 14 December 1835 ADFolio 150v was on display at the exhibition: "Collecting Paradise: Buddhist Art of Kashmir and Its Legacies", curated by Prof. Rob Linrothe. The Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, January-April 2015.Researched by Bilha Moor.
Süsleme DoublureFolio number: unlabelled-folio-1Location in text:Mohl -1b, Bindings, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.BindingFolio number: unlabelled-folio-2Location in text:Mohl -1b, Bindings, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Illuminated unvanFolio number: 006vNotes: The manuscript starts with the reign of Luhrasp.Location in text:Mohl -1a, Illuminations, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Isfandiyar lassoes the Turanian hero GurgsarFolio number: 034rNotes: First line does not appear in Mohl's edition.Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: None, break line before: 1467, break line after: 1468.0, last line: 1471.Isfandiyar's second labour: he fights the lionsFolio number: 037rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1653, break line before: 1656, break line after: 1657.0, last line: 1664.Isfandiyar's third labour: he fights the dragonFolio number: 038rNotes: The second part of the verse of the break-line after differs from Mohl's edition.Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1700, break line before: 1703, break line after: 1704.0, last line: 1711.Isfandiyar's fourth labour: he kills the sorceressFolio number: 039rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1753, break line before: 1764, break line after: 1765.0, last line: 1766.Isfandiyar's fifth labour: he kills the SimurghFolio number: 040rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1802, break line before: 1809, break line after: 1810.0, last line: 1814.Isfandiyar's sixth labour: he escapes from a snow stormFolio number: 041vLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1890, break line before: 1901, break line after: 1902.0, last line: 1907.Isfandiyar's seventh labour: Gurgsar leads him across the lake to Ruyin Dizh (the Brazen Hold)Folio number: 042rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1908, break line before: 1925, break line after: 1926.0, last line: 1927.Isfandiyar kills Gurgsar during the seventh labourFolio number: 043rNotes: The iconography clearly matches 'Isfandiyar's first labour: he fights the wolves' rather than 'Isfandiyar kills Gurgsar'. Since the manuscript has been preserved in complete order, this could mean that: a. the painter was confused by the resemblance of the word 'wolf' and 'Gurgsar' in Persian, whose first three letters are similar. b. The scene 'Isfandiyar fights the wolves' was intended to form part of the cycle of illustrations, but a blank space for the painting was not left near the matching verses. (BM) Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1966, break line before: 1969, break line after: 1970.0, last line: 1979.Isfandiyar kills Arjasp to rescue his sistersFolio number: 046rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 2193, break line before: 2196, break line after: 2197.0, last line: 2198.Rustam shoots Isfandiyar in the eyes with a double-pointed arrowFolio number: 063vLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 3784, break line before: 3785, break line after: 3786.0, last line: 3787.Rustam kills Shaghad before dyingFolio number: 069vLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 4259, break line before: 4270, break line after: 4271.0, last line: 4271.Iskandar attends the dying DaraFolio number: 082rLocation in text:Mohl 19, Dara son of Darab (14 years), first line: 333, break line before: 334, break line after: 335.0, last line: 336.Battle between the armies of Iskandar and the FurFolio number: 089vNotes: Change in the second part of the verse of the Break-line before compared to Mohl's edition.Location in text:Mohl 20, Iskandar (14 years), first line: 593, break line before: 598, break line after: 599.0, last line: 600.Iskandar encounters IsrafilFolio number: 099vNotes: Change in the first part of the verse of the break-line before compared to Mohl's edition.Location in text:Mohl 20, Iskandar (14 years), first line: 1424, break line before: 1427, break line after: 1428.0, last line: 1430.Bahram Gur and Mahyar listen to Arzu's harp playingFolio number: 150vNotes: The verse of the Break-line before does not appear in Mohl's edition. This folio was on display at the exhibition: "Collecting Paradise: Buddhist Art of Kashmir and Its Legacies", curated by Prof. Rob Linrothe. The Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, January-April 2015.Location in text:Mohl 35, Bahram Gur (1) (63 years), first line: 1011, break line before: None, break line after: 1014.0, last line: 1015.colophonFolio number: 178rNotes: End of third dafter.Location in text:Mohl -1, Preliminary materials, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Illuminated unvanFolio number: 179rNotes: The reign of Kisra Anushirvan. Start fo daftar four.Location in text:Mohl -1a, Illuminations, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Anushirvan receives the Khaqan's daughterFolio number: 204vLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 2309, break line before: 2312, break line after: 2313.0, last line: 2316.The creation of the game chess on behalf of the mother of TalhandFolio number: 211rLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 3417, break line before: 3424, break line after: 3425.0, last line: 3426.Bahram Chubina kills the fleeing Sava ShahFolio number: 234rNotes: Change in the rhyme of the verse of the Break-line after compared to Mohl's edition.Location in text:Mohl 42, Hurmuzd (14 years), first line: 907, break line before: 911, break line after: 912.0, last line: 913.Bahram Chubina kills the monkey-lionFolio number: 270vLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 2456, break line before: 2457, break line after: 2458.0, last line: 2460.Khusrau Parviz writes to Caesar and receives a replyFolio number: 280rLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 3329, break line before: 3342, break line after: 3343.0, last line: 3344.Shirin commits suicide by the coffin of Khusrau ParvizFolio number: 296vLocation in text:Mohl 44, Qubad son of Parviz (7 months), first line: 585, break line before: 593, break line after: 594.0, last line: 595.Sa'd-i Vaqqas kills RustamFolio number: 302vLocation in text:Mohl 50, Yazdagird (16 years), first line: 263, break line before: 264, break line after: 265.0, last line: 266.colophonFolio number: 309rNotes: End of the Shahnama: colophon date 1249/1833.Location in text:Mohl -1, Preliminary materials, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Illuminated title page (verso side)Folio number: 310vNotes: Start of the Samnama.Location in text:Mohl -1a, Illuminations, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 316rLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 317rLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 318vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 325vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 329vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 333rLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 336vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 338vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 343vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 348rLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 353vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 357vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 362vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 363vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 365vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 367vLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Scene from the SamnamaFolio number: 371rLocation in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.colophonFolio number: 371vNotes: Colophon of the Samnama: 23 Sha'ban 1251 AH/ 14 December 1835 CE Location in text:Mohl -1, Preliminary materials, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Sample pageFolio number: 089rColophonFolio number: 309r
Mizanpaj 4 columns. 23 rows. Leaf height: 360 mm, width: 215 mm. Written height: 266 mm, width: 143 mm.
Menşei Yeri Kashmir
Yazı Tipi Nast'aliq.
Yüzyıl 1 1800s C.E.
Oluşturma Tarihi (Bağlantı Türü) keyword search
Oluşturma Türü creation
Yıl (Bitiş) 1833
Yıl (Başlangıç) 1833
Görüntü Hakları (Görüntüleme) Zooming image © Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library.
Görüntü Hakları (İndirme) Images made available for download are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Dil Kodu 1 per
Dil 1 Persian
Metadata Hakları This metadata is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License.
Küçük Resim Yönü portrait
Filigran Beyanı © Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library (CC BY-NC 4.0)
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