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Fiziksel Boyutlar 578 ff. Codex. Complete.
Kütüphane: Cambridge Dijital Kütüphanesi
Kayıt Numarası MS-OR-01354-00015
Lokasyon University Library — University Library Or. 1354 (15)
Tarih Gregorian: 1800/Hcd/Jul/27. Hijri: 1215/Ra1/06.-1800-1800
Notlar Provenance: according to the information on the fly leaf the manuscript was presented to the library by Major R.G. Gayer-Anderson (Pasha) and Col. T.G. Gayer-Anderson on 19 January 1943.The copy contains colophons at the end of each of the four sections (jild) into which the volume is divided: section 1 on f. 190r, section 2 on 332v, section 3 on 451r and 578r at the end. The date of its copying can be extracted only from the colophon on f.451r: 6 Rajab 1214/ 7 August 1799, with another date 915, which can be the date of the protograph used by the calligrapher in his work.Both colophons (ff. 451r and 578r) also have name of the calligrapher and the place he worked: Rahim Bakhsh son of Muhammad Bakhsh son of Pir Muhammad hafiz-i Qur’an. The date of completion in the final colophon (f. 578r) is partly damaged: the month is clear, 6 rabi‘ al-awwal, but the year is illegible, and has been replaced in a later hand with the year 806 (?); it must presumably have been the year after part 3 was completed, so 6 Rabi` I, 1215 (= 27 July 1800). The place is Sialkot (modern Pakistan).The calligraphy, paper and particularly the paintings witness the Indian origin of the copy. The handwriting is a moderate nasta‘liq, with characteristic Indian cursive elements of the end of the 18-19th cc. Text in Indian ink, headings are mostly missing, if they exist - they are in red, which is much faded.Total folios is 578 ff., which appears to represent the full copy, however heavily interpolated and without any prose preface. Book is divided into 4 parts.Ff.190v-191r and 451v-452r are left empty.Incipit pretends to be normative (in the regular first misra only):ba jan-i khudavand-u jan-u khiradK-az in bar mi andisha bar naguzaradExplicit:Pasandida kardam yaqin-i pak-buyZi pay-u zi amr-u shudam mushk-buyThe paper is Oriental, thin, matt, creamy, of moderate quality. The binding is very simple, of light brown leather with lilac crepe paper glued over both exterior covers.The manuscript is in good condition, restored, partly remargined.The copy is decorated with 4 unwans (ff.1v, 191v, 333v, 452v). The 1st is of a very simple design of floral and geometric ornament. Green ate several significant holes. The bismallah inside it is crossed out! Three others are of better quality and condition with the bismallah left untouched.There are 66 illustrations in Indian style. On the flyleaf there is an inscription by one of the owners with the notes about the number of paintings in every chapter: “book 1 - 17 paintings; book 2 - 17 paintings; book 3 - 13 paintings; book 4 - 17 paintings; Total: 64”, while actually there are 66 of them.Two spaces are left blank, where the miniatures with the following subjects were supposed to be entered:f.146v – Farud battles Giv and f. 147r – Bizhan battles Farud.The size and shape of the paintings differ. Most of the miniatures are not big in size, of about one third of the page length, or even less (ff.54v, 345r, 393r), always within borders, rectangular, in most cases of stepped shape. However, 18 of them are quite large (ff.76r, 152v-311r, 553r), about a half of a page size or even bigger (ff.152v, 204r, 212r, 269r).The average interval between miniatures is more or less constant: about 10 folios.There were obviously at least two painters: one, with the distinct preferences for the court receptions indoors and outdoors and more or less small works; and another, whose palette was less bright pink-orange-blue and whose paintings are bigger.The first artist preferred to depict most of the traditionally plain air and even battle or execution scenes as indoor receptions. For example, under the title “Bahram Gur comes back from India” (Baz gashtan-i Bahram az Hind), one could expect to see the royal army on their victorious march, while it is a regular court reception with the king seated on his throne with the group of courtiers and warriors kneeling before him.The murder of Iraj (f.31r) is also happening in the courtyard in front of the palace gates, with all other usual details preserved like the golden stool, the tool of the murder, which here has the shape of a European chair, made of a neat golden wire with an embroided back. Salm is actively helping Tur, holding Iraj’s head in his hands, while Tur is striking his brother’s face with the chair; another courtier and warriors are curiously watching.The execution of Siyavush (f.123v) is depicted in the very similar interior of the open courtyard. Afrasiyab, reclining on the big purple cushion, sits on his luxurious throne, which together with his dress and crown is richly decorated with pearls, rubies and emeralds. Siyavush is in a long orange dress, head shaved and black bearded, with his hands bound behind his back and a golden bowl before him. There are two soldiers, executing him. One is holding his sword over his head, although the other has already cut off Siyavush’s throat, which is bleeding heavily.The painting depicting “Ardashir hangs Haftvad and his eldest son Shahuy” (f.393r), oddly combines the interior and exterior details: the main scene, displayed in the central right side, depicts Ardashir, reclining on the same purple cushion on the throne of the same design with blue back and pearl and ruby decoration, wearing the same dress and crown as all other kings in the book, surrounded by his courtiers. He points out with his finger two men, exhibited in a sort of a window, hung by their neck on the bar in the left part of the miniature.Such an intimate scene, like the moment of Tahmina’s delivery to Rustam (f.54v) is shown as an open scene in the royal courtyard, nearby the garden pavilion.However, the execution scenes are sacrificed in favour of simple receptions, as on f.62v, where instead of usual execution of Nouzar, there is the painting, called “Tus and Gustaham learn about the execution of Nauzar” (Agahi yaftan-i Tus-u Gustaham az kushta shudan-i Nauzar).The painter uses a restricted number of clichés for his compositions, which seem to be deliberately constant. For example, 3 paintings in a row: ff. 13v, 20v and 37r are strikingly identical not only in their composition, number of figures, but in costumes of the personages, their colours and style, with some insignificant varying details.However, the artist sometimes adds his own unique details in the paintings with the established iconography. Even the typical battle scenes and single combats have peculiar features, like a royal couple, where a lady is riding first, passing indifferently by Giv and Piran fighting (f.134r).Exterior battle scenes of “classical” type tend to be symmetrical, as on f.289r – “Kay Khusrau battles Karun”, or f. 152v - Fariburz battles Piran, f.311r – “Gushtasp’s battle”, or f.212r – “Tus battles Fariburz” with the characteristic hill in the centre of the horizon, dividing the composition into two parts. This tendency can be traced even in non-battle exterior scenes, as on f.204r – “Rustam pulling Bizhan out of the well”, with the same blue hill in the centre of the foreground, supported by two pink hills and two groups of people, symmetrically displayed in the first plane.Demonic creatures are not popular in the manuscript, there are only two miniatures, where the divs appear. It is on f.188v – “Div Akvan flings Rustam into the sea” and f.4r – “Siyamak battles the divs”. The “div scene number one”, having the first place in the list of Norgren-Davis-Mehran – “Rustam, killing the White div” is absent in the manuscript. However, divs fighting with Siyamak and Akvan have their traditional demonic appearance: long tails, anthropomorphic bodies and an animal-like head with horns, as well as their usual costumes: short skirts, opening in front, and a lot of jewellery: bracelets, necklaces decorated with pearls and stones.The manuscript contains a few paintings from the Barzunama, still awaiting a separate study.Towards the end of the volume, in particular, the relatively close relation between text and image dissolves and several pictures bear no relation to the subject.Catalogued by A.J. Arberry, Second supplementary handlist, p. 28, without referring to the fact it is illustrated.
Bibliyografya Arberry, A.J., A second supplementary hand-list of the Muhammadan manuscripts in the University and Colleges of Cambridge, Cambridge, 1952.
Süsleme The Div Khazarvan fights SiyamakTitle (Persian): 10Folio number: 004rLocation in text:Mohl 1, Kayumars (30 years), first line: 177, break line before: 22, break line after: 23.0, last line: 34.Faridun enthronedFolio number: 013vLocation in text:Mohl 6, Faridun (500 years), first line: 527, break line before: 4, break line after: 5.0, last line: 10.Unidentified sceneFolio number: 020vNotes: Lines not found in Mohl; possibly an interpolated epic still to be identified.Location in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Salm and Tur murder IrajTitle (Persian): 541Scene Title:The murder of IrajFolio number: 031rLocation in text:Mohl 6, Faridun (500 years), first line: 524, break line before: 530, break line after: 531.0, last line: 548.Faridun receives the head of SalmScene Title:Faridun receives the severed head of SalmFolio number: 037rLocation in text:Mohl 6, Faridun (500 years), first line: 1106, break line before: 1124, break line after: 1125.0, last line: 1134.Sam approaches ManuchihrTitle (Persian): 1039Folio number: 048rLocation in text:Mohl 7, Manuchihr (120 years), first line: 1030, break line before: 1040, break line after: 1041.0, last line: 1058.The birth of RustamFolio number: 054vLocation in text:Mohl 7, Manuchihr (120 years), first line: 1675, break line before: 1694, break line after: 1695.0, last line: 1724.Zal learns of the death of NauzarTitle (Persian): 512Folio number: 062vNotes: Some of the text seems to be painted over.Location in text:Mohl 8, Nauzar (7 years), first line: 498, break line before: 512, break line after: 515.0, last line: 528.Rustam's second labour: he finds a spring and kills an onagerFolio number: 071rLocation in text:Mohl 12, Kay Kavus (150 years), first line: 318, break line before: 335, break line after: 336.0, last line: 351.Rustam delivers Kavus's letter to the King of MazanadaranScene Title:Rustam travels to Mazandaran with a message from Kay KavusFolio number: 076rNotes: The picture is inserted in the text of the following scene.Location in text:Mohl 12, Kay Kavus (150 years), first line: 835, break line before: 844, break line after: 845.0, last line: 858.Rustam mortally wounds SuhrabTitle (Persian): 1141Folio number: 095vLocation in text:Mohl 12c, Suhrab, first line: 1110, break line before: 1141, break line after: 1143.0, last line: 1148.Zanga goes to AfrasiyabFolio number: 110rLocation in text:Mohl 12d, Siyavush, first line: 1165, break line before: 1177, break line after: 1180.0, last line: 1195.Guruy executes SiyavushFolio number: 123vLocation in text:Mohl 12d, Siyavush, first line: 2518, break line before: 2532, break line after: 2533.0, last line: 2544.Giv battles PiranTitle (Persian): 878Scene Title:Giv captures PiranFolio number: 134rLocation in text:Mohl 12c, Suhrab, first line: 867, break line before: 883, break line after: 884.0, last line: 921.Kay Khusrau reviews his troopsFolio number: 141vLocation in text:Mohl 13, Kay Khusrau (60 years), first line: 273, break line before: 280, break line after: 281.0, last line: 286.Farud fights Giv (blank space)Scene Title:Farud shoots Giv's horse from under himFolio number: 146vLocation in text:Mohl 13, Kay Khusrau (60 years), first line: 756, break line before: 770, break line after: None, last line: 806.Bizhan fights Farud (blank space)Scene Title:Farud shoots Bizhan's horse from under himFolio number: 147rLocation in text:Mohl 13, Kay Khusrau (60 years), first line: 807, break line before: 818, break line after: None, last line: 852.The Turanians defeat the Iranians *Scene Title:The Turanians defeat the IraniansFolio number: 152vLocation in text:Mohl 13, Kay Khusrau (60 years), first line: 1363, break line before: 1370, break line after: 1371.0, last line: 1377.Rustam kills Ashkabus and his horseFolio number: 170rLocation in text:Mohl 13b, Kamus-i Kashani, first line: 1407, break line before: 1417, break line after: 1418.0, last line: 1423.Rustam pulls the Khaqan of Chin from his elephant by lassoFolio number: 179vLocation in text:Mohl 13c, Rustam and the Khaqan-i Chin, first line: 723, break line before: 739, break line after: 740.0, last line: 750.Akvan Div flings Rustam into the seaFolio number: 188vLocation in text:Mohl 13d, Rustam fights Akhvan Div, first line: 80, break line before: 98, break line after: 99.0, last line: 104.Bizhan brought before AfrasiyabFolio number: 196rLocation in text:Mohl 13e, Bizhan and Manizha, first line: 367, break line before: None, break line after: 375.0, last line: None.Rustam rescues Bizhan from the pitFolio number: 204rLocation in text:Mohl 13e, Bizhan and Manizha, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Tus battles FariburzScene Title:Scene from the BarzunamaFolio number: 212rNotes: Tus fights Fariburz.Location in text:Mohl -2b, Barzunama, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Rustam and Barzu before the battle *Scene Title:Scene from the BarzunamaFolio number: 216vNotes: Rustam and Barzu before battle.Location in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Rustam and Barzu making peace *Scene Title:Scene from the BarzunamaFolio number: 226rNotes: Rustam and Barzu making peace.Location in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Battle scene *Scene Title:Scene from the BarzunamaFolio number: 233vNotes: Battle scene from the Barzunama.Location in text:Mohl -2b, Barzunama, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Rustam kills Pilsam *Scene Title:Scene from the BarzunamaFolio number: 241vNotes: Rustam kills Pilsam.Location in text:Mohl -2b, Barzunama, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Bizhan kills HumanFolio number: 256rLocation in text:Mohl 13f, The Twelve Rukhs, first line: 796, break line before: 811, break line after: 810.0, last line: 814.Gudarz pursues and kills Piran on the mountainsideScene Title:Piran escapes from Gudarz up the mountainsideFolio number: 269rLocation in text:Mohl 13f, The Twelve Rukhs, first line: 2022, break line before: None, break line after: 2031.0, last line: 2035.Kay Khusrau chalenges Shida to fight on foot *Scene Title:Kay Khusrau fights ShidaFolio number: 279rNotes: Here, it seems that Kay Khusrau challenges Shida to fight on foot.Location in text:Mohl 13g, The Great War between Kay Khusrau and Afrasiyab, first line: 681, break line before: 688, break line after: None, last line: 691.Battle between the Iranians and TuraniansScene Title:The war between the Iranians and the TuraniansFolio number: 289rLocation in text:Mohl 13g, The Great War between Kay Khusrau and Afrasiyab, first line: None, break line before: 1615, break line after: 1616.0, last line: 1625.Afrasiyab rises from the water as Garsivaz is torturedFolio number: 296vLocation in text:Mohl 13g, The Great War between Kay Khusrau and Afrasiyab, first line: 2325, break line before: 2334, break line after: 2335.0, last line: 2343.Luhrasp enthronedScene Title:The coronation of LuhraspFolio number: 306vLocation in text:Mohl 13g, The Great War between Kay Khusrau and Afrasiyab, first line: 3173, break line before: 3183, break line after: 3184.0, last line: None.Gushtasp in battle (variant) *Scene Title:Gushtasp kills a wolf in RumFolio number: 311rNotes: Despite the text, this scene shows Gushtasp in battle. The Persian title: Guftar andar razm-i Gushtasp, which carries no information about the nature of Gushtasp's enemy, has evidently misled the painter. (Ch.M.).Location in text:Mohl 14, Luhrasp (120 years), first line: 389, break line before: 398, break line after: 399.0, last line: 405.Gurami dies in battle trying to rescue the Iranian standard *Scene Title:Garami son of Jamasp seizes the Iranian standard but is killedFolio number: 321vNotes: Once more, the painting does not reflect the text closely here.Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 520, break line before: 539, break line after: 540.0, last line: 544.Isfandiyar talks with Gurgsar before his first labour *Scene Title:Isfandiyar's first labour: he fights the wolvesFolio number: 326rNotes: The picture apparently depicts Isfandiyar talking with Gurgsar before his first labour.Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1590, break line before: 1601, break line after: 1603.0, last line: 1610.Nush-Azar kills TarkhanFolio number: 331rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 2146, break line before: 2152, break line after: 2153.0, last line: 2173.Zavara kills Nush-Azar in battle *Scene Title:Zavara and Faramarz kill Isfandiyar's sons Nush-Azar and Mihr-i NushFolio number: 345rNotes: The picture shows Zavara killing Nush-Azar, the first of Isfandiyar's sons to be killed: the next should be Faramarz killing Mihrnush. This is an unusual choice of scenes here: there is none of the more celebrated combat of Rustam and Isfandiyar. (Ch.M.).Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 3460, break line before: 3478, break line after: 3479.0, last line: 3491.Rustam kills Shaghad before dyingFolio number: 353vNotes: Here, the pit is more like a well.Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 4269, break line before: 4275, break line after: 4276.0, last line: 4294.The battle between the armies of Iskandar and DaraTitle (Persian): 313Scene Title:The third battle between the armies of Iskandar and DaraFolio number: 364vLocation in text:Mohl 19, Dara son of Darab (14 years), first line: 308, break line before: 332, break line after: 334.0, last line: 342.Iskandar on a pilgrimage to the Ka'ba *Title (Persian): 659Scene Title:Iskandar visits the Ka'baFolio number: 372rLocation in text:Mohl 20, Iskandar (14 years), first line: 637, break line before: 643, break line after: 644.0, last line: 672.Iskandar encounters IsrafilTitle (Persian): 1408Folio number: 380rLocation in text:Mohl 20, Iskandar (14 years), first line: 1404, break line before: 1418, break line after: 1419.0, last line: 1431.Iskandar mournedTitle (Persian): 1904Folio number: 385rLocation in text:Mohl 20, Iskandar (14 years), first line: 1878, break line before: 1906, break line after: 1907.0, last line: 1917.Ardashir hangs Haftvad and his eldest son ShahuyTitle (Persian): 726Folio number: 393rLocation in text:Mohl 21, The Ashkanians (200 years), first line: 726, break line before: 761, break line after: 1.0, last line: 6.Shapur enthronedTitle (Persian): 6Scene Title:Shapur Dhu'l Aktaf enthronedFolio number: 403rLocation in text:Mohl 29, Shapur Zul-aktaf (72 years), first line: 25, break line before: 14, break line after: 15.0, last line: 25.Yazdagird enthronedTitle (Persian): 35Scene Title:Yazdagird the Sinner enthronedFolio number: 411vLocation in text:Mohl 34, Yazdagird the Sinner (21 years), first line: 16, break line before: 26, break line after: 27.0, last line: 50.Bahram Gur, Munzir and Nu'man receive a Persian delegation at JahrumFolio number: 417rLocation in text:Mohl 34, Yazdagird the Sinner (21 years), first line: 553, break line before: 557, break line after: 558.0, last line: 585.The destruction and reconstruction of the village by Bahram GurFolio number: 422rLocation in text:Mohl 35, Bahram Gur (1) (63 years), first line: 362, break line before: 376, break line after: 377.0, last line: 404.The Khaqan of Chin attacks IranTitle (Persian): 1439Scene Title:Bahram Gur captures the Khaqan of ChinFolio number: 432vNotes: There is a large gap between the last story (Bahram kills the dragon) and the one beginning on this page (Khaqan-e Chin). (SM) Check references.Location in text:Mohl 35, Bahram Gur (1) (63 years), first line: 768, break line before: 1441, break line after: 1442.0, last line: 1455.Bahram Gur is hailed by the IraniansFolio number: 441vLocation in text:Mohl 35b, Bahram Gur (2), first line: 666, break line before: 678, break line after: 679.0, last line: 696.Anushirvan enthronedTitle (Persian): 385Folio number: 452vLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 381, break line before: 391, break line after: 392.0, last line: 1.Anushirvan fights the Rumis *Title (Persian): 612Scene Title:Anushirvan and Farfuryus fightFolio number: 459rLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 610, break line before: 625, break line after: 626.0, last line: 641.Aushirvan's third majlis for BuzurjmihrFolio number: 466rNotes: The scene seems irrelevant to the lines. (SM)Location in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 1318, break line before: 1339, break line after: 1340.0, last line: 1355.Aushirvan learns about the Haytalians and goes to war against themTitle (Persian): 1939Folio number: 472rNotes: The illustration does not depict the lines. (SM)Location in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 1916, break line before: 1939, break line after: 1941.0, last line: 1947.Buzurjmihr arranges chess pieces before AnushirvanScene Title:Buzurjmihr demonstrates how to play the game of chessFolio number: 480rLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 2746, break line before: 2750, break line after: 2751.0, last line: 2775.Buzurjmihr disgracedTitle (Persian): 3562Folio number: 488rLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 3560, break line before: 3571, break line after: 3572.0, last line: 3588.Anushirvan is going to battle Rumis (?) *Scene Title:Anushirvan marches on Rum and takes a loan from the merchantsFolio number: 495rNotes: The picture has very little connection with a siege.Location in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 4283, break line before: 4291, break line after: 4292.0, last line: 4306.Bahram Gur informs Hurmuz about his victory over Shah Sava *Title (Persian): 836Scene Title:Bahram Chubina sends Sava Shah's head to HurmuzdFolio number: 506rNotes: The title of this picture is not closely linked to the text. Location in text:Mohl 42, Hurmuzd (14 years), first line: 830, break line before: 845, break line after: 846.0, last line: 866.Gurdiya advises her brother Bahram ChubinaFolio number: 513rNotes: The verses are not related to the illustration. Location in text:Mohl 42, Hurmuzd (14 years), first line: 1574, break line before: 1583, break line after: 1584.0, last line: 1602.Khusrau Parviz and Bahram Chubina dispute kingship rightsFolio number: 519vLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 313, break line before: 327, break line after: 328.0, last line: 344.Bahram Chubina enthroned in Mada'in *Title (Persian): 905Scene Title:Bahram Chubina enthronedFolio number: 525rLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 901, break line before: 909, break line after: 910.0, last line: 934.Bahram Chubina kills Kut the RomanFolio number: 534rLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 1774, break line before: 1783, break line after: 1784.0, last line: 1802.The captive Qulun mortally wounds Bahram ChubinaTitle (Persian): 2701Folio number: 544vLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 2683, break line before: 2701, break line after: 2703.0, last line: 2714.Khusrau Parviz goes huntingFolio number: 553rLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 3536, break line before: 3546, break line after: 3547.0, last line: 3556.Khusrau Parviz learns about the rebellion of the armyTitle (Persian): 4104Folio number: 558vNotes: The picture is not close to the text at this point.Location in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 4078, break line before: 4104, break line after: 4105.0, last line: 4113.Shirin commits suicide near the coffin of Khusrau ParvizTitle (Persian): 587Scene Title:Shirin commits suicide by the coffin of Khusrau ParvizFolio number: 565vLocation in text:Mohl 44, Qubad son of Parviz (7 months), first line: 581, break line before: 588, break line after: 589.0, last line: 17.The miller assassinates YazdagirdFolio number: 574rLocation in text:Mohl 50, Yazdagird (16 years), first line: 653, break line before: 671, break line after: 672.0, last line: 686.Sample pageFolio number: 002rColophonFolio number: 578r
Mizanpaj 4 columns. 25 rows. Leaf height: 351 mm, width: 205 mm. Written height: 277 mm, width: 157 mm.
Menşei Yeri Sialkot
Köken (Provenance) Presented by Major RG and Col. TG Gayer-Anderson, 19 January 1943
Müstensih(ler) Rahim Bakhsh b. Muhammad Bakhsh
Yazı Tipi nim shikasta. Calligrapher: Rahim Bakhsh b. Muhammad Bakhsh.
Yüzyıl 1 1800s C.E.
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Oluşturma Türü creation
Yıl (Bitiş) 1800
Yıl (Başlangıç) 1800
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Shahnama

Yazar Firdausi
Tür Belge
Dil Farsça
Dijital Evet
Yazma Evet
Sayfa Sayısı 70
Fiziksel Boyutlar 578 ff. Codex. Complete.
Kütüphane Cambridge Dijital Kütüphanesi
Kayıt Numarası MS-OR-01354-00015
Lokasyon University Library — University Library Or. 1354 (15)
Tarih Gregorian: 1800/Hcd/Jul/27. Hijri: 1215/Ra1/06.-1800-1800
Notlar Provenance: according to the information on the fly leaf the manuscript was presented to the library by Major R.G. Gayer-Anderson (Pasha) and Col. T.G. Gayer-Anderson on 19 January 1943.The copy contains colophons at the end of each of the four sections (jild) into which the volume is divided: section 1 on f. 190r, section 2 on 332v, section 3 on 451r and 578r at the end. The date of its copying can be extracted only from the colophon on f.451r: 6 Rajab 1214/ 7 August 1799, with another date 915, which can be the date of the protograph used by the calligrapher in his work.Both colophons (ff. 451r and 578r) also have name of the calligrapher and the place he worked: Rahim Bakhsh son of Muhammad Bakhsh son of Pir Muhammad hafiz-i Qur’an. The date of completion in the final colophon (f. 578r) is partly damaged: the month is clear, 6 rabi‘ al-awwal, but the year is illegible, and has been replaced in a later hand with the year 806 (?); it must presumably have been the year after part 3 was completed, so 6 Rabi` I, 1215 (= 27 July 1800). The place is Sialkot (modern Pakistan).The calligraphy, paper and particularly the paintings witness the Indian origin of the copy. The handwriting is a moderate nasta‘liq, with characteristic Indian cursive elements of the end of the 18-19th cc. Text in Indian ink, headings are mostly missing, if they exist - they are in red, which is much faded.Total folios is 578 ff., which appears to represent the full copy, however heavily interpolated and without any prose preface. Book is divided into 4 parts.Ff.190v-191r and 451v-452r are left empty.Incipit pretends to be normative (in the regular first misra only):ba jan-i khudavand-u jan-u khiradK-az in bar mi andisha bar naguzaradExplicit:Pasandida kardam yaqin-i pak-buyZi pay-u zi amr-u shudam mushk-buyThe paper is Oriental, thin, matt, creamy, of moderate quality. The binding is very simple, of light brown leather with lilac crepe paper glued over both exterior covers.The manuscript is in good condition, restored, partly remargined.The copy is decorated with 4 unwans (ff.1v, 191v, 333v, 452v). The 1st is of a very simple design of floral and geometric ornament. Green ate several significant holes. The bismallah inside it is crossed out! Three others are of better quality and condition with the bismallah left untouched.There are 66 illustrations in Indian style. On the flyleaf there is an inscription by one of the owners with the notes about the number of paintings in every chapter: “book 1 - 17 paintings; book 2 - 17 paintings; book 3 - 13 paintings; book 4 - 17 paintings; Total: 64”, while actually there are 66 of them.Two spaces are left blank, where the miniatures with the following subjects were supposed to be entered:f.146v – Farud battles Giv and f. 147r – Bizhan battles Farud.The size and shape of the paintings differ. Most of the miniatures are not big in size, of about one third of the page length, or even less (ff.54v, 345r, 393r), always within borders, rectangular, in most cases of stepped shape. However, 18 of them are quite large (ff.76r, 152v-311r, 553r), about a half of a page size or even bigger (ff.152v, 204r, 212r, 269r).The average interval between miniatures is more or less constant: about 10 folios.There were obviously at least two painters: one, with the distinct preferences for the court receptions indoors and outdoors and more or less small works; and another, whose palette was less bright pink-orange-blue and whose paintings are bigger.The first artist preferred to depict most of the traditionally plain air and even battle or execution scenes as indoor receptions. For example, under the title “Bahram Gur comes back from India” (Baz gashtan-i Bahram az Hind), one could expect to see the royal army on their victorious march, while it is a regular court reception with the king seated on his throne with the group of courtiers and warriors kneeling before him.The murder of Iraj (f.31r) is also happening in the courtyard in front of the palace gates, with all other usual details preserved like the golden stool, the tool of the murder, which here has the shape of a European chair, made of a neat golden wire with an embroided back. Salm is actively helping Tur, holding Iraj’s head in his hands, while Tur is striking his brother’s face with the chair; another courtier and warriors are curiously watching.The execution of Siyavush (f.123v) is depicted in the very similar interior of the open courtyard. Afrasiyab, reclining on the big purple cushion, sits on his luxurious throne, which together with his dress and crown is richly decorated with pearls, rubies and emeralds. Siyavush is in a long orange dress, head shaved and black bearded, with his hands bound behind his back and a golden bowl before him. There are two soldiers, executing him. One is holding his sword over his head, although the other has already cut off Siyavush’s throat, which is bleeding heavily.The painting depicting “Ardashir hangs Haftvad and his eldest son Shahuy” (f.393r), oddly combines the interior and exterior details: the main scene, displayed in the central right side, depicts Ardashir, reclining on the same purple cushion on the throne of the same design with blue back and pearl and ruby decoration, wearing the same dress and crown as all other kings in the book, surrounded by his courtiers. He points out with his finger two men, exhibited in a sort of a window, hung by their neck on the bar in the left part of the miniature.Such an intimate scene, like the moment of Tahmina’s delivery to Rustam (f.54v) is shown as an open scene in the royal courtyard, nearby the garden pavilion.However, the execution scenes are sacrificed in favour of simple receptions, as on f.62v, where instead of usual execution of Nouzar, there is the painting, called “Tus and Gustaham learn about the execution of Nauzar” (Agahi yaftan-i Tus-u Gustaham az kushta shudan-i Nauzar).The painter uses a restricted number of clichés for his compositions, which seem to be deliberately constant. For example, 3 paintings in a row: ff. 13v, 20v and 37r are strikingly identical not only in their composition, number of figures, but in costumes of the personages, their colours and style, with some insignificant varying details.However, the artist sometimes adds his own unique details in the paintings with the established iconography. Even the typical battle scenes and single combats have peculiar features, like a royal couple, where a lady is riding first, passing indifferently by Giv and Piran fighting (f.134r).Exterior battle scenes of “classical” type tend to be symmetrical, as on f.289r – “Kay Khusrau battles Karun”, or f. 152v - Fariburz battles Piran, f.311r – “Gushtasp’s battle”, or f.212r – “Tus battles Fariburz” with the characteristic hill in the centre of the horizon, dividing the composition into two parts. This tendency can be traced even in non-battle exterior scenes, as on f.204r – “Rustam pulling Bizhan out of the well”, with the same blue hill in the centre of the foreground, supported by two pink hills and two groups of people, symmetrically displayed in the first plane.Demonic creatures are not popular in the manuscript, there are only two miniatures, where the divs appear. It is on f.188v – “Div Akvan flings Rustam into the sea” and f.4r – “Siyamak battles the divs”. The “div scene number one”, having the first place in the list of Norgren-Davis-Mehran – “Rustam, killing the White div” is absent in the manuscript. However, divs fighting with Siyamak and Akvan have their traditional demonic appearance: long tails, anthropomorphic bodies and an animal-like head with horns, as well as their usual costumes: short skirts, opening in front, and a lot of jewellery: bracelets, necklaces decorated with pearls and stones.The manuscript contains a few paintings from the Barzunama, still awaiting a separate study.Towards the end of the volume, in particular, the relatively close relation between text and image dissolves and several pictures bear no relation to the subject.Catalogued by A.J. Arberry, Second supplementary handlist, p. 28, without referring to the fact it is illustrated.
Bibliyografya Arberry, A.J., A second supplementary hand-list of the Muhammadan manuscripts in the University and Colleges of Cambridge, Cambridge, 1952.
Süsleme The Div Khazarvan fights SiyamakTitle (Persian): 10Folio number: 004rLocation in text:Mohl 1, Kayumars (30 years), first line: 177, break line before: 22, break line after: 23.0, last line: 34.Faridun enthronedFolio number: 013vLocation in text:Mohl 6, Faridun (500 years), first line: 527, break line before: 4, break line after: 5.0, last line: 10.Unidentified sceneFolio number: 020vNotes: Lines not found in Mohl; possibly an interpolated epic still to be identified.Location in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Salm and Tur murder IrajTitle (Persian): 541Scene Title:The murder of IrajFolio number: 031rLocation in text:Mohl 6, Faridun (500 years), first line: 524, break line before: 530, break line after: 531.0, last line: 548.Faridun receives the head of SalmScene Title:Faridun receives the severed head of SalmFolio number: 037rLocation in text:Mohl 6, Faridun (500 years), first line: 1106, break line before: 1124, break line after: 1125.0, last line: 1134.Sam approaches ManuchihrTitle (Persian): 1039Folio number: 048rLocation in text:Mohl 7, Manuchihr (120 years), first line: 1030, break line before: 1040, break line after: 1041.0, last line: 1058.The birth of RustamFolio number: 054vLocation in text:Mohl 7, Manuchihr (120 years), first line: 1675, break line before: 1694, break line after: 1695.0, last line: 1724.Zal learns of the death of NauzarTitle (Persian): 512Folio number: 062vNotes: Some of the text seems to be painted over.Location in text:Mohl 8, Nauzar (7 years), first line: 498, break line before: 512, break line after: 515.0, last line: 528.Rustam's second labour: he finds a spring and kills an onagerFolio number: 071rLocation in text:Mohl 12, Kay Kavus (150 years), first line: 318, break line before: 335, break line after: 336.0, last line: 351.Rustam delivers Kavus's letter to the King of MazanadaranScene Title:Rustam travels to Mazandaran with a message from Kay KavusFolio number: 076rNotes: The picture is inserted in the text of the following scene.Location in text:Mohl 12, Kay Kavus (150 years), first line: 835, break line before: 844, break line after: 845.0, last line: 858.Rustam mortally wounds SuhrabTitle (Persian): 1141Folio number: 095vLocation in text:Mohl 12c, Suhrab, first line: 1110, break line before: 1141, break line after: 1143.0, last line: 1148.Zanga goes to AfrasiyabFolio number: 110rLocation in text:Mohl 12d, Siyavush, first line: 1165, break line before: 1177, break line after: 1180.0, last line: 1195.Guruy executes SiyavushFolio number: 123vLocation in text:Mohl 12d, Siyavush, first line: 2518, break line before: 2532, break line after: 2533.0, last line: 2544.Giv battles PiranTitle (Persian): 878Scene Title:Giv captures PiranFolio number: 134rLocation in text:Mohl 12c, Suhrab, first line: 867, break line before: 883, break line after: 884.0, last line: 921.Kay Khusrau reviews his troopsFolio number: 141vLocation in text:Mohl 13, Kay Khusrau (60 years), first line: 273, break line before: 280, break line after: 281.0, last line: 286.Farud fights Giv (blank space)Scene Title:Farud shoots Giv's horse from under himFolio number: 146vLocation in text:Mohl 13, Kay Khusrau (60 years), first line: 756, break line before: 770, break line after: None, last line: 806.Bizhan fights Farud (blank space)Scene Title:Farud shoots Bizhan's horse from under himFolio number: 147rLocation in text:Mohl 13, Kay Khusrau (60 years), first line: 807, break line before: 818, break line after: None, last line: 852.The Turanians defeat the Iranians *Scene Title:The Turanians defeat the IraniansFolio number: 152vLocation in text:Mohl 13, Kay Khusrau (60 years), first line: 1363, break line before: 1370, break line after: 1371.0, last line: 1377.Rustam kills Ashkabus and his horseFolio number: 170rLocation in text:Mohl 13b, Kamus-i Kashani, first line: 1407, break line before: 1417, break line after: 1418.0, last line: 1423.Rustam pulls the Khaqan of Chin from his elephant by lassoFolio number: 179vLocation in text:Mohl 13c, Rustam and the Khaqan-i Chin, first line: 723, break line before: 739, break line after: 740.0, last line: 750.Akvan Div flings Rustam into the seaFolio number: 188vLocation in text:Mohl 13d, Rustam fights Akhvan Div, first line: 80, break line before: 98, break line after: 99.0, last line: 104.Bizhan brought before AfrasiyabFolio number: 196rLocation in text:Mohl 13e, Bizhan and Manizha, first line: 367, break line before: None, break line after: 375.0, last line: None.Rustam rescues Bizhan from the pitFolio number: 204rLocation in text:Mohl 13e, Bizhan and Manizha, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Tus battles FariburzScene Title:Scene from the BarzunamaFolio number: 212rNotes: Tus fights Fariburz.Location in text:Mohl -2b, Barzunama, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Rustam and Barzu before the battle *Scene Title:Scene from the BarzunamaFolio number: 216vNotes: Rustam and Barzu before battle.Location in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Rustam and Barzu making peace *Scene Title:Scene from the BarzunamaFolio number: 226rNotes: Rustam and Barzu making peace.Location in text:Mohl -2, Other epics, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Battle scene *Scene Title:Scene from the BarzunamaFolio number: 233vNotes: Battle scene from the Barzunama.Location in text:Mohl -2b, Barzunama, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Rustam kills Pilsam *Scene Title:Scene from the BarzunamaFolio number: 241vNotes: Rustam kills Pilsam.Location in text:Mohl -2b, Barzunama, first line: None, break line before: None, break line after: None, last line: None.Bizhan kills HumanFolio number: 256rLocation in text:Mohl 13f, The Twelve Rukhs, first line: 796, break line before: 811, break line after: 810.0, last line: 814.Gudarz pursues and kills Piran on the mountainsideScene Title:Piran escapes from Gudarz up the mountainsideFolio number: 269rLocation in text:Mohl 13f, The Twelve Rukhs, first line: 2022, break line before: None, break line after: 2031.0, last line: 2035.Kay Khusrau chalenges Shida to fight on foot *Scene Title:Kay Khusrau fights ShidaFolio number: 279rNotes: Here, it seems that Kay Khusrau challenges Shida to fight on foot.Location in text:Mohl 13g, The Great War between Kay Khusrau and Afrasiyab, first line: 681, break line before: 688, break line after: None, last line: 691.Battle between the Iranians and TuraniansScene Title:The war between the Iranians and the TuraniansFolio number: 289rLocation in text:Mohl 13g, The Great War between Kay Khusrau and Afrasiyab, first line: None, break line before: 1615, break line after: 1616.0, last line: 1625.Afrasiyab rises from the water as Garsivaz is torturedFolio number: 296vLocation in text:Mohl 13g, The Great War between Kay Khusrau and Afrasiyab, first line: 2325, break line before: 2334, break line after: 2335.0, last line: 2343.Luhrasp enthronedScene Title:The coronation of LuhraspFolio number: 306vLocation in text:Mohl 13g, The Great War between Kay Khusrau and Afrasiyab, first line: 3173, break line before: 3183, break line after: 3184.0, last line: None.Gushtasp in battle (variant) *Scene Title:Gushtasp kills a wolf in RumFolio number: 311rNotes: Despite the text, this scene shows Gushtasp in battle. The Persian title: Guftar andar razm-i Gushtasp, which carries no information about the nature of Gushtasp's enemy, has evidently misled the painter. (Ch.M.).Location in text:Mohl 14, Luhrasp (120 years), first line: 389, break line before: 398, break line after: 399.0, last line: 405.Gurami dies in battle trying to rescue the Iranian standard *Scene Title:Garami son of Jamasp seizes the Iranian standard but is killedFolio number: 321vNotes: Once more, the painting does not reflect the text closely here.Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 520, break line before: 539, break line after: 540.0, last line: 544.Isfandiyar talks with Gurgsar before his first labour *Scene Title:Isfandiyar's first labour: he fights the wolvesFolio number: 326rNotes: The picture apparently depicts Isfandiyar talking with Gurgsar before his first labour.Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 1590, break line before: 1601, break line after: 1603.0, last line: 1610.Nush-Azar kills TarkhanFolio number: 331rLocation in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 2146, break line before: 2152, break line after: 2153.0, last line: 2173.Zavara kills Nush-Azar in battle *Scene Title:Zavara and Faramarz kill Isfandiyar's sons Nush-Azar and Mihr-i NushFolio number: 345rNotes: The picture shows Zavara killing Nush-Azar, the first of Isfandiyar's sons to be killed: the next should be Faramarz killing Mihrnush. This is an unusual choice of scenes here: there is none of the more celebrated combat of Rustam and Isfandiyar. (Ch.M.).Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 3460, break line before: 3478, break line after: 3479.0, last line: 3491.Rustam kills Shaghad before dyingFolio number: 353vNotes: Here, the pit is more like a well.Location in text:Mohl 15, Gushtasp (120 years), first line: 4269, break line before: 4275, break line after: 4276.0, last line: 4294.The battle between the armies of Iskandar and DaraTitle (Persian): 313Scene Title:The third battle between the armies of Iskandar and DaraFolio number: 364vLocation in text:Mohl 19, Dara son of Darab (14 years), first line: 308, break line before: 332, break line after: 334.0, last line: 342.Iskandar on a pilgrimage to the Ka'ba *Title (Persian): 659Scene Title:Iskandar visits the Ka'baFolio number: 372rLocation in text:Mohl 20, Iskandar (14 years), first line: 637, break line before: 643, break line after: 644.0, last line: 672.Iskandar encounters IsrafilTitle (Persian): 1408Folio number: 380rLocation in text:Mohl 20, Iskandar (14 years), first line: 1404, break line before: 1418, break line after: 1419.0, last line: 1431.Iskandar mournedTitle (Persian): 1904Folio number: 385rLocation in text:Mohl 20, Iskandar (14 years), first line: 1878, break line before: 1906, break line after: 1907.0, last line: 1917.Ardashir hangs Haftvad and his eldest son ShahuyTitle (Persian): 726Folio number: 393rLocation in text:Mohl 21, The Ashkanians (200 years), first line: 726, break line before: 761, break line after: 1.0, last line: 6.Shapur enthronedTitle (Persian): 6Scene Title:Shapur Dhu'l Aktaf enthronedFolio number: 403rLocation in text:Mohl 29, Shapur Zul-aktaf (72 years), first line: 25, break line before: 14, break line after: 15.0, last line: 25.Yazdagird enthronedTitle (Persian): 35Scene Title:Yazdagird the Sinner enthronedFolio number: 411vLocation in text:Mohl 34, Yazdagird the Sinner (21 years), first line: 16, break line before: 26, break line after: 27.0, last line: 50.Bahram Gur, Munzir and Nu'man receive a Persian delegation at JahrumFolio number: 417rLocation in text:Mohl 34, Yazdagird the Sinner (21 years), first line: 553, break line before: 557, break line after: 558.0, last line: 585.The destruction and reconstruction of the village by Bahram GurFolio number: 422rLocation in text:Mohl 35, Bahram Gur (1) (63 years), first line: 362, break line before: 376, break line after: 377.0, last line: 404.The Khaqan of Chin attacks IranTitle (Persian): 1439Scene Title:Bahram Gur captures the Khaqan of ChinFolio number: 432vNotes: There is a large gap between the last story (Bahram kills the dragon) and the one beginning on this page (Khaqan-e Chin). (SM) Check references.Location in text:Mohl 35, Bahram Gur (1) (63 years), first line: 768, break line before: 1441, break line after: 1442.0, last line: 1455.Bahram Gur is hailed by the IraniansFolio number: 441vLocation in text:Mohl 35b, Bahram Gur (2), first line: 666, break line before: 678, break line after: 679.0, last line: 696.Anushirvan enthronedTitle (Persian): 385Folio number: 452vLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 381, break line before: 391, break line after: 392.0, last line: 1.Anushirvan fights the Rumis *Title (Persian): 612Scene Title:Anushirvan and Farfuryus fightFolio number: 459rLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 610, break line before: 625, break line after: 626.0, last line: 641.Aushirvan's third majlis for BuzurjmihrFolio number: 466rNotes: The scene seems irrelevant to the lines. (SM)Location in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 1318, break line before: 1339, break line after: 1340.0, last line: 1355.Aushirvan learns about the Haytalians and goes to war against themTitle (Persian): 1939Folio number: 472rNotes: The illustration does not depict the lines. (SM)Location in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 1916, break line before: 1939, break line after: 1941.0, last line: 1947.Buzurjmihr arranges chess pieces before AnushirvanScene Title:Buzurjmihr demonstrates how to play the game of chessFolio number: 480rLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 2746, break line before: 2750, break line after: 2751.0, last line: 2775.Buzurjmihr disgracedTitle (Persian): 3562Folio number: 488rLocation in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 3560, break line before: 3571, break line after: 3572.0, last line: 3588.Anushirvan is going to battle Rumis (?) *Scene Title:Anushirvan marches on Rum and takes a loan from the merchantsFolio number: 495rNotes: The picture has very little connection with a siege.Location in text:Mohl 41, Kisra Anushirvan (48 years), first line: 4283, break line before: 4291, break line after: 4292.0, last line: 4306.Bahram Gur informs Hurmuz about his victory over Shah Sava *Title (Persian): 836Scene Title:Bahram Chubina sends Sava Shah's head to HurmuzdFolio number: 506rNotes: The title of this picture is not closely linked to the text. Location in text:Mohl 42, Hurmuzd (14 years), first line: 830, break line before: 845, break line after: 846.0, last line: 866.Gurdiya advises her brother Bahram ChubinaFolio number: 513rNotes: The verses are not related to the illustration. Location in text:Mohl 42, Hurmuzd (14 years), first line: 1574, break line before: 1583, break line after: 1584.0, last line: 1602.Khusrau Parviz and Bahram Chubina dispute kingship rightsFolio number: 519vLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 313, break line before: 327, break line after: 328.0, last line: 344.Bahram Chubina enthroned in Mada'in *Title (Persian): 905Scene Title:Bahram Chubina enthronedFolio number: 525rLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 901, break line before: 909, break line after: 910.0, last line: 934.Bahram Chubina kills Kut the RomanFolio number: 534rLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 1774, break line before: 1783, break line after: 1784.0, last line: 1802.The captive Qulun mortally wounds Bahram ChubinaTitle (Persian): 2701Folio number: 544vLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 2683, break line before: 2701, break line after: 2703.0, last line: 2714.Khusrau Parviz goes huntingFolio number: 553rLocation in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 3536, break line before: 3546, break line after: 3547.0, last line: 3556.Khusrau Parviz learns about the rebellion of the armyTitle (Persian): 4104Folio number: 558vNotes: The picture is not close to the text at this point.Location in text:Mohl 43, Khusrau Parviz (38 years), first line: 4078, break line before: 4104, break line after: 4105.0, last line: 4113.Shirin commits suicide near the coffin of Khusrau ParvizTitle (Persian): 587Scene Title:Shirin commits suicide by the coffin of Khusrau ParvizFolio number: 565vLocation in text:Mohl 44, Qubad son of Parviz (7 months), first line: 581, break line before: 588, break line after: 589.0, last line: 17.The miller assassinates YazdagirdFolio number: 574rLocation in text:Mohl 50, Yazdagird (16 years), first line: 653, break line before: 671, break line after: 672.0, last line: 686.Sample pageFolio number: 002rColophonFolio number: 578r
Mizanpaj 4 columns. 25 rows. Leaf height: 351 mm, width: 205 mm. Written height: 277 mm, width: 157 mm.
Menşei Yeri Sialkot
Köken (Provenance) Presented by Major RG and Col. TG Gayer-Anderson, 19 January 1943
Müstensih(ler) Rahim Bakhsh b. Muhammad Bakhsh
Yazı Tipi nim shikasta. Calligrapher: Rahim Bakhsh b. Muhammad Bakhsh.
Yüzyıl 1 1800s C.E.
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Yıl (Bitiş) 1800
Yıl (Başlangıç) 1800
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